Description
Mechanisms of Action
1. Activation of Olfactory Receptor 544 (Olfr544)
AzA specifically activates Olfr544, which is expressed not only in the olfactory system but also in various extra-nasal tissues, including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. This receptor’s activation triggers several intracellular signalling pathways that are crucial for metabolic regulation.
2. Regulation of Energy Metabolism
The activation of Olfr544 by AzA leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. This elevation activates protein kinase A (PKA), which subsequently stimulates the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signalling pathway. This cascade promotes lipolysis in adipocytes and enhances fatty acid oxidation and keto-genesis in the liver, effectively shifting the body’s fuel preference towards fats rather than carbohydrates.This metabolic shift can improve overall energy availability during physical activities.
3. Induction of Mitochondrial Biogenesis
AzA has been shown to induce mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle cells through the activation of the CREB-PGC-1α-ERK1/2 signalling axis. This process increases the number of mitochondria within muscle cells, enhancing their capacity for aerobic metabolism and energy production. Improved mitochondrial function can lead to better endurance and performance during prolonged physical exertion.
4. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
AzA also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory pathways in the gut and other tissues. It reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, which are associated with muscle inflammation and fatigue.By mitigating inflammation, AzA may help preserve muscle function and recovery during intense physical activity.
5. Effects on Gut Health and Microbiome
The activation of Olfr544 by AzA influences gut health by up-regulating GLP-1 secretion (Semaglutide and Tirzepatide are GLP-1 agonists), which is linked to improved glucose metabolism and reduced adiposity. A healthy gut microbiome contributes to overall metabolic health, potentially enhancing physical performance through better nutrient absorption and energy utilization.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5663348/ – Reduces Adiposity
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.00329/full – Mitochondrial Biogenesis
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19490976.2021.1987782 – Induces GLP-1, Regulates Gut Inflammation
http://www.sci-hub.wf/10.1007/s11010-013-1566-1 – Oxidative Stress
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623001779# – Fuel Source Preference
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